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# 12-13:
Ediacaran Snapshot
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Another
important locality with Ediacaran fossils was discovered in southeast Newfoundland (Canada) in 1968. In the
Mistaken
Point Ecological Reserve, large inclined bedding surfaces are exposed
on cliffs
washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Waiting
there
for the rare sunny day and the slanting sunlight between 5 and 6 p.m is
rewarded by the view of thousands of fossils. They are always located
at the
base of light-colored turbidites (see legend # 16) of volcanic ash. As
the
coarser-grained ash blanket weathers more readily than the underlying
indurated
shale, the fossils in this case appear as impressions at the top of the
originally plastic shale bed. Also, Mistaken Point fossils have become
laterally squeezed by the collision between the Avalon plate and
Proto-North
America (Laurentia). In order to restore their original shapes and
orientations
one has to retrodeform the images with the computer, using the now
elliptical
holdfasts as a standard..
Like
their Australian relatives, the vendobionts of Mistaken Point are built
like
air mattresses. But instead of the serial pattern resulting from the
sequential
addition of new "segments" (like in annelid worms), their quilting
pattern resembles the venation of plant leaves: once established, the
inter-"vein" areas expand and become successively subdivided. In the
terminology of the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
such growth leads to "fractal" patterns (see plexiglass graphic by
Gene Carrozza, New Haven in the
introductory panel). The
fractal mode serves the same purpose as serial subdivision: keeping the
absolute size of the quiltings steady during growth of the organism.
The
presence of similar allometric compartmentalization in oversized
unicellular
organisms (e.g. large foraminifera) suggests that the living content of
the
vendobionts was syncytial, i.e. they had multiple nuclei, but were not
truly
multicellular.
Important
information about the life style of the Newfoundland
vendobionts can once again be derived from preservational
circumstances. In the
top slab (# 12), all stalked forms are oriented alike. We know the
direction of
the smothering turbidity current (arrow) from cross-bedding observed by
Friedrich Pflüger
in the overlying
ash bed. Thus the alignment is equivalent to tree felling patterns
after a
storm: like trees, the organisms were attached to the bottom and held
the
fronds up into the water column, rather than being suspended from a
buoyant
"life saver". The erect life style, however, poses another problem.
Firstly, the holdfast disks (circular when retrodeformed) never became
uprooted. Aso, disks would be rather ill designed for attachment to
loose
sediment. This contradiction is solved by assuming that the sediment
surface
was sealed by a leathery microbial mat. On such a substrate, holdfast
disks
could function just as they do on a rock.
Other
vendobiont species on the same bedding plane must have also been
adhesively
attached to the mat, because their long axes remained randomly oriented
in
spite of the turbidity current, in which any loose objects would have
been
transported and aligned before they became buried. A few of these
carpet
organisms became partly flipped over. They prove that both sides were
identical, like those of a quilted mattress.
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Rebecca
Bendick (senior
thesis, Yale
University)
has done statistics of this rare "fossil snapshot" on a much larger
surface. She found out that the vendobionts tried to keep a certain
distance
from one another, but preferred to be in the neighborhood of their own
species.
Also, the age structure of the community suggests that survival was not
yet
controlled by predation -- another indication of a peaceful Garden of Ediacara.
The lower cast (# 13, shown only as a drawing)
shows a similar snapshot from Ediacara itself. On the sole face we see
16
equal-sized individuals of the Vendobiont Phyllozoon in clear
preservation, while the phantoms of Dickinsonia can hard be
recognized.
As in # 10 we deal with a sole face, but in this case we view no the
upper, but
the lower surface on the biomat, which is also characterized by
"elephant-skin structures. This means that Phyllozoon lived
below
the mat and Dickinsonia on top, where it could move around on
its
pseudopodia (see # 10). The associated sand sausages (known under the
informal
name Aulozoon, are probably backfilled burrows of a flatworm
grazing the
biomat from below |